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Rooting (Android)

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">Not to be confused with <a href="Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">bootloader unlocking</a>, <a href="SIM_unlocking" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM unlocking">SIM unlocking</a>, or <a href="IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a>.</div>

Rooting<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> is the process by which users of <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices can attain <a href="Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privileged control</a> (known as <a href="Root_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Root access">root access</a>) over various subsystems of the device, usually smartphones and <a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>. Because Android is based on a modified version of the <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>, rooting an <a href="Android_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Android boot">Android</a> device gives access to administrative (<a href="Superuser" title="Superuser">superuser</a>) permissions similar to those on <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or any other <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="Operating_system_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system fingerprinting">operating system</a> such as <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> or <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.

Rooting is often performed to overcome limitations that carriers and hardware manufacturers put on some devices. Thus, rooting allows the users to alter or replace <a href="System_software" title="System software">system applications</a> and settings, run specialized <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> ("apps") that require administrator-level permissions, or perform other operations that are otherwise inaccessible to a normal <a href="Android_One" title="Android One">Android user</a>. On some devices, rooting can also facilitate the complete removal and replacement of the device's operating system, usually with a more recent release of its current operating system.

<a href="Root_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Root access">Root access</a> is sometimes compared to <a href="IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a> on devices running the Apple <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> operating system. However, these are different concepts: jailbreaking is the bypass of several types of Apple prohibitions for the <a href="End_user" title="End user">end user</a>, including modifying the operating system (enforced by a "locked <a href="Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a>"), installing non-officially approved (not available on the <a href="Playstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Playstore">App Store</a>) applications via <a href="Sideloading" title="Sideloading">sideloading</a>, and granting the user elevated administration-level privileges (rooting). Some vendors, such as <a href="HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="OnePlus" title="OnePlus">OnePlus</a>, <a href="Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>, <a href="Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a>, and <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, have provided the ability to unlock the bootloaders of some devices, thus enabling advanced users to make operating system modifications.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Similarly, the ability to sideload applications is typically permissible on Android devices without root permissions. Thus, it is primarily the third aspect of iOS jailbreaking (giving users administrative privileges) that most directly correlates with <a href="Android_rooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Android rooting">Android rooting</a>.

Rooting is distinct from <a href="SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM unlocking</a> and bootloader unlocking. The former allows for the removal of the <a href="SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> lock on a phone, while the latter allows rewriting the <a href="Phone_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone security">phone's</a> boot partition (for example, to install or replace the operating system).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

Rooting lets all user-installed applications run privileged commands typically unavailable to the devices in the stock configuration. Rooting is required for more advanced and potentially dangerous operations including modifying or deleting system files, removing <a href="Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">pre-installed applications</a>, and low-level access to the hardware itself (rebooting, controlling status lights, or recalibrating touch inputs.) A typical rooting installation also installs the <a href="Superuser" title="Superuser">Superuser</a> application, which supervises applications that are granted root or superuser rights by requesting approval from the user before granting said permissions. A secondary operation, unlocking the device's <a href="Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> verification, is required to remove or replace the installed operating system.

In contrast to <a href="IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a>, rooting is not needed to run applications distributed outside of the Google Play Store, known as <a href="Sideloading" title="Sideloading">sideloading</a>. The Android OS supports this feature natively in two ways: through the "Unknown sources" option in the Settings menu and through the <a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a>. However, some US <a href="Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">carriers</a>, including <a href="AT%26T_Mobility" title="AT&T Mobility">AT&T</a>, have prevented the installation of applications not on the Play Store in <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AT&T_Android_FAQs-5">[5]</a> although several devices are not subject to this rule, including the <a href="Samsung_Infuse_4G" title="Samsung Infuse 4G">Samsung Infuse 4G</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Mobileburn_Blog-6">[6]</a> AT&T lifted the restriction on most devices by the middle of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

As of 2011, the Amazon <a href="Kindle_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> defaults to the <a href="Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a> instead of <a href="Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>, though like most other Android devices, Kindle Fire allows sideloading of applications from unknown sources,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the "easy installer" application on the Amazon Appstore makes this easy. Other vendors of Android devices may look to other sources in the future. Access to alternate apps may require rooting but rooting is not always necessary.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3></div>

Advantages of rooting include the possibility for complete control over the appearance, feel, and behaviour of the device. As a superuser has access to the device's system files, all aspects of the operating system can be customized with the only real limitation being the level of coding expertise.<a href="#cite_note-rootmygalaxy-9">[9]</a> Immediately expectable advantages of rooted devices include the following:<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<ul><li>The device owner can fully access and manage every file and directory stored on their device, including in directories that are invisible to the normal user, such as the <code>/data</code> directory. This allows <a href="Data_backup" class="mw-redirect" title="Data backup">backups and restorations</a> of the entire system, and duplication of user data and preferences to a different rooted device.<a href="#cite_note-rootmygalaxy-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>Normal storage access can be restored if disabled by Google. One such example is restoring normal write access to the <a href="MicroSD" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroSD">microSD</a> memory card on Android 4.4 KitKat.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li>

<li>The MicroSD card can be treated as a mass storage device without removing it from the phone.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li>

<li>Support for <a href="Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">theming</a>, allowing everything to be visually changed from the color and type of the battery status indicator to the <a href="Boot_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot animation">boot animation</a> that appears while the device is booting, the status bar, control menu, virtual on-screen navigation buttons, and more.</li>

<li>Full control of the kernel, which, for example, allows <a href="Overclocking" title="Overclocking">overclocking</a> and underclocking the CPU and GPU.</li>

<li>Full application control, including the ability to fully <a href="Backup" title="Backup">back up</a>, restore, or batch-edit applications, or to remove <a href="Bloatware" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloatware">bloatware</a> that comes pre-installed on some phones.</li>

<li>Custom automated system-level processes through the use of third-party applications.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li>

<li>Ability to install software (such as Xposed, <a href="Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a>, <a href="SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a>, <a href="BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a>, etc.) that allows additional levels of control on a rooted device or management of root access.</li>

<li>Access to more <a href="Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> commands, both standalone and through <a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a>.</li>

<li>Ability to bypass restrictions by vendors or Google, such as <a href="Scoped_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoped storage">scoped storage</a>, which compromised file system access and compatibility to established third-party mobile applications such as <a href="File_manager" title="File manager">file managers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<li>Extended <a href="Task_manager" title="Task manager">task management</a> abilities<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<ul><li>Ability to terminate misbehaving and/or unresponsive system tasks such as media scanner and camera server manually.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Ability to downgrade <a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">applications</a> directly, without uninstallation which involves deleting their user data. A downgrade may be desirable after an update breached compatibility and/or removed useful functionality.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>Ability to control battery charging <a href="Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">current</a>, where a technically unnecessary throttling imposed by the operating system while the screen is on can be removed. On the other hand, a current reduction may be desired to extend battery lifespan. <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> may vary per vendor. For example, on <a href="Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Samsung Galaxy</a> devices, this is done by applying a value to the <code>/sys/devices/platform/sec-battery/power_supply/battery/siop_level</code> <a href="Everything_is_a_file" title="Everything is a file">system file</a>, where 100 represents the highest technically supported charging rate.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a></li>

<li>Ability to limit charging capacity to reduce <a href="Smartphone#Lifespan" title="Smartphone">battery weardown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li>

<li>Overriding screenshot blocks. Normally, Android gives application developers the authority to allow or deny device owners from capturing screenshots and screen recordings. A developer can impose screenshot blocks on parts or the entire application.<a href="#cite_note-xda-magisk-22">[21]</a></li>

<li>Installing customized versions of pre-installed system applications. Normally, system applications have to be digitally signed by their respective developers in order to be installable.<a href="#cite_note-xda-magisk-22">[21]</a></li>

<li>Phone call recording with no external device. In some locations, it is the responsibility of the user to first acquire consent by the other participant if required by law where they reside, with or without an external recording device.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3></div>

Some disadvantages of rooting include:

<ul><li>On certain brands such as <a href="Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, rooting can void one's warranty.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></li>

<li>If used incorrectly, rooting can cause stability issues with the software or hardware. If the issues are purely software-based, unrooting the phone can often resolve these issues.</li>

<li>Certain devices, including those from <a href="Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and any brand sold by <a href="Verizon_(mobile_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon (mobile network)">Verizon</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> cannot easily be rooted, unless a <a href="Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> exploit is found in the device's operating system version.</li>

<li>Android <a href="SafetyNet" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a> API is tripped so some apps will not work or won't be shown on the Play Store.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3></div>

Rooting allows the user to obtain privileged access to a phone. It does not allow a user to install a new OS (<a href="Custom_firmware#Android" title="Custom firmware">custom firmware</a> or custom <a href="Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>) or recovery image, and it doesn't allow a phone that is locked to a certain carrier to be used on another one. Related operations allow these.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bootloader_unlock">Bootloader unlock</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></div>

Bootloader unlocking is sometimes a first step used to root the device; however, it is not the same as rooting the device.<a href="#cite_note-Twitter-28">[27]</a> Most devices come with a locked bootloader, which prevents users from installing a new boot image, which is often flashed when rooting a device or using a custom ROM.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The bootloader runs on device start-up and is in charge of loading the operating system on the phone.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> It is generally in charge of verifying that phone system information hasn't been tampered with and is genuine. Nonetheless, people still perform this operation, as unlocking the bootloader allows users to install custom ROMs.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a>

The first step to do this is generally to set up OEM unlocking,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and then to follow manufacturer specific instructions.<a href="#cite_note-Twitter-28">[27]</a> Not all devices can be bootloader unlocked, and some can only be unlocked with an exploit which usually needs a <a href="Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> bug in order to remove software locks, which includes most <a href="LG_V20" title="LG V20">LG V20</a> models and <a href="Verizon_(mobile_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon (mobile network)">Verizon</a>-sold <a href="Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Google Pixel</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>

The process of unlocking the bootloader might involve a factory reset, erasing all user data, third-party applications, and configuration.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SIM_unlock">SIM unlock</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></div>

SIM unlocking allows a phone that is locked to a certain carrier to be used on a different carrier. The instructions vary per device and carrier, but this might be done by first requesting the carrier to unlock the phone or purchasing an unlock code online.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div>

Some rooting methods involve the use of a <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command prompt</a> and a development interface called the <a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a> (also known as ADB), while other methods may use existing vulnerabilities in devices. Due to similarly modeled devices often having a multitude of changes, rooting methods for one device when used for a different variant can result in <a href="Brick_(electronics)" title="Brick (electronics)">bricking</a> the device.

"Systemless root" is a variant of rooting in which the underlying device file system is not modified. Systemless root uses various techniques to gain root access without modifying the system <a href="Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> of a device. Some root applications may include a "hiding" function, which makes attempts to mask the effects and results of rooting, often by whitelisting certain applications for the root or blocking access to affected files.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Systemless rooting has the advantage of not triggering the software-based version of <a href="SafetyNet_API" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet API">SafetyNet</a>, an Android feature that works by monitoring changes to system files and is used by applications such as Google Pay to detect whether a device has been tampered with such as by rooting. However, hardware-backed SafetyNet versions may be triggered by systemless rooting, as well as in unrooted devices shipped without <a href="Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services (GMS)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>

The distinction between "soft rooting" through a security vulnerability and "hard-rooting" by <a href="Firmware#Flashing" title="Firmware">flashing</a> a <code><a href="Su_(Unix)" title="Su (Unix)">su</a></code> <a href="Executable" title="Executable">binary</a> executable varies from exploit to exploit, and manufacturer to manufacturer. Soft-rooting requires that a device be vulnerable to <a href="Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a>, or replacing executable binaries. Hard-rooting is supported by the manufacturer, and it is generally only exposed for devices the manufacturer allows.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[43]</a> If a phone can be soft-rooted, it is also inherently vulnerable to malware.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rooting_through_exploits">Rooting through exploits</h2></div>

The process of rooting varies widely by manufacturer and device but sometimes includes <a href="Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploiting</a> one or more security bugs in the firmware (i.e., in the version of the Android OS installed on) of the device.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[43]</a> Once an exploit is discovered, a custom recovery image that will skip the <a href="Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> check of firmware updates can be flashed. Then a modified firmware update that typically includes the utilities needed to run apps as root can be installed. For example, the <code>su</code> binary (such as an open-source one paired with the Superuser<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> or SuperSU application<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>) can be copied to a location in the current process' <a href="PATH_(variable)" title="PATH (variable)">PATH</a> (e.g., <code>/system/xbin/</code>) and granted executable permissions with the <code><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></code> command. A third-party supervisor application, like Superuser or SuperSU, can then regulate and log elevated permission requests from other applications. Many guides, tutorials, and automatic processes exist for popular Android devices facilitating a fast and easy rooting process.

The process of rooting a device may be simple or complex, and it even may depend upon serendipity. For example, shortly after the release of the HTC Dream (HTC G1), it was discovered that anything typed using the keyboard was being interpreted as a command in a privileged (root) shell. Although Google quickly released a patch to fix this, a signed image of the old firmware leaked, which gave users the ability to downgrade and use the original exploit to gain root access. Installable apps have managed to unlock immediate root access on some early 2010s Samsung smartphones. This has also been referred to as "one-click rooting".<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>

A security researcher, Grant Hernandez, demonstrated a use-after-free exploit in Binder, Android's IPC framework, to gain <a href="Root_privileges" class="mw-redirect" title="Root privileges">root privileges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> This exploit, tagged CVE-2019-2215, was alleged to be sold by the <a href="NSO_Group" title="NSO Group">NSO Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rooting_through_manufacturer">Rooting through manufacturer</h2></div>

Some manufacturers, including <a href="OnePlus" title="OnePlus">OnePlus</a> and <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, provide official support for unlocking the bootloader, allowing for rooting without exploiting a vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> However, the support may be limited only to certain phones – for example, <a href="LG" title="LG">LG</a> released its bootloader unlock tool only for certain models of its phones.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Also, a manufacturer could discontinue bootloader unlocking support, as was the case with LG<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and <a href="Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>

The <a href="Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google Nexus</a> and <a href="Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a> line of devices can have their bootloader unlocked by simply connecting the device to a computer while in bootloader mode and running the <a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a> protocol with the command <code>fastboot oem unlock</code> on older devices,<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> or <code>fastboot flashing unlock</code> on newer devices.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> After a warning is accepted, the bootloader is unlocked, so a new system image can be written directly to flash without the need for an exploit. Additionally, Pixel phones sold via certain carriers like <a href="Verizon_(mobile_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon (mobile network)">Verizon</a> disallow bootloader unlocking,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> while others such as <a href="T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> require a phone to be paid off and SIM unlocked before the bootloader can be unlocked.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3></div>

In the past, many manufacturers have tried to make non-rootable phones with more elaborate protections (like the <a href="Droid_X" title="Droid X">Droid X</a>), but exploits are usually still found eventually. There may be no root exploit available for new, or outdated phones.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_reaction">Industry reaction</h2></div>

Until 2010, tablet and smartphone manufacturers, as well as mobile carriers, were mainly unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers had expressed concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software<a href="#cite_note-htcdev-58">[57]</a> and related support costs. Moreover, firmware such as <a href="OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a> and <a href="CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a> sometimes offer features for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium, such as <a href="Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>. Due to that, technical obstacles such as locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions have commonly been introduced in many devices. For example, in late December 2011, <a href="Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> and <a href="Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com, Inc.</a> began pushing automatic, <a href="Over-the-air_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air programming">over-the-air</a> firmware updates, 1.4.1 to <a href="Nook_Tablet" title="Nook Tablet">Nook Tablets</a> and 6.2.1 to Kindle Fires, that removed one method to gain root access to the devices. The Nook Tablet 1.4.1 update also removed users' ability to <a href="Sideloading" title="Sideloading">sideload</a> apps from sources other than the official Barnes & Noble app store (without <a href="Modding" title="Modding">modding</a>).<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>

However, as community-developed software began to grow popular in the late 2009 to early 2010,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and following a statement by the Copyright Office and Librarian of Congress (US) allowing the use of "jailbroken" mobile devices,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding CyanogenMod and other unofficial firmware distributions. Some manufacturers, including HTC,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and <a href="Sony_Mobile" title="Sony Mobile">Sony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> actively provide support and encourage development.

In 2011, the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware lessened as an increasing number of devices shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to the Nexus and Pixel series of phones. Device manufacturer HTC has announced that it will support aftermarket software developers by making the bootloaders of all new devices unlockable.<a href="#cite_note-htcdev-58">[57]</a>

In 2014, Samsung released a security feature called <a href="Samsung_Knox" title="Samsung Knox">Knox</a>, which verifies whether system and boot files were modified. If custom firmware was flashed, the eFuse is set to 0x1, permanently voiding the warranty and disabling Knox-enabled features such as <a href="Samsung_Pay" title="Samsung Pay">Samsung Pay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Additionally, certain Samsung devices lack the ability to flash custom software, namely Samsung phones and tablets released in North America after 2015, with an exception for devices lacking a cellular modem,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> although there are exploits that can unlock the bootloader on some affected devices running older <a href="One_UI" title="One UI">One UI</a> versions.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div>

International treaties have influenced the development of laws affecting rooting. The 1996 <a href="World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty</a> requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) circumvention. The American implementation is the <a href="Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA), which includes a process for establishing exemptions for non-copyright-infringing purposes such as rooting. The 2001 <a href="Copyright_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Directive">European Copyright Directive</a> implemented the treaty in Europe, requiring member states of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to implement legal protections for technological protection measures. The Copyright Directive includes exceptions to allow breaking those measures for non-copyright-infringing purposes, such as to run alternative software,<a href="#cite_note-Duncan_Geere-72">[71]</a> but member states vary on the implementation of the directive.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

In 2010, <a href="Electronic_Frontiers_Australia" title="Electronic Frontiers Australia">Electronic Frontiers Australia</a> said that it is unclear whether rooting is legal in Australia, and that anti-circumvention laws may apply.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> These laws were strengthened by the <a href="Copyright_law_of_Australia#Copyright_Amendment_Act_2006" title="Copyright law of Australia">Copyright Amendment Act 2006</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

In November 2012, Canada <a href="Copyright_law_of_Canada#Bills_to_amend_the_Copyright_Act" title="Copyright law of Canada">amended its Copyright Act</a> with new provisions prohibiting tampering with digital locks, with exceptions including software interoperability.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Rooting a device to run alternative software is a form of circumventing digital locks for the purpose of software interoperability.

There had been several efforts from 2008 to 2011 to amend the Copyright Act (Bill C-60, <a href="Bill_C-61_(39th_Canadian_Parliament%2C_2nd_Session)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill C-61 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session)">Bill C-61</a>, and <a href="Bill_C-32_(40th_Canadian_Parliament%2C_3rd_Session)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session)">Bill C-32</a>) to prohibit tampering with digital locks, along with initial proposals for C-11 that were more restrictive,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> but those bills were set aside. In 2011, <a href="Michael_Geist" title="Michael Geist">Michael Geist</a>, a Canadian copyright scholar, cited iPhone jailbreaking as a non-copyright-related activity that overly broad Copyright Act amendments could prohibit.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>

The <a href="Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Free Software Foundation Europe</a> argues that it is legal to root or flash any device. According to the European Directive 1999/44/EC, replacing the original operating system with another does not void the statutory warranty that covers the hardware of the device for two years unless the seller can prove that the modification caused the defect.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

The law <a href="Copyright_and_Related_Rights_Regulations_2003" title="Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003">Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003</a> makes circumventing DRM protection measures legal for the purpose of interoperability but not copyright infringement. Rooting may be a form of circumvention covered by that law, but this has not been tested in court.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan_Geere-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Competition laws may also be relevant.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

<a href="Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India's copyright law</a> permits circumventing DRM for non-copyright-infringing purposes.<a href="#cite_note-copyright-india-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-copyright-india-ars-81">[80]</a> <a href="Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a> introduced a bill including this DRM provision in 2010 and passed it in 2012 as Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> India is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty that requires laws against DRM circumvention, but being listed on the US <a href="Special_301_Report" title="Special 301 Report">Special 301 Report</a> "Priority Watch List" applied pressure to develop stricter copyright laws in line with the WIPO treaty.<a href="#cite_note-copyright-india-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-copyright-india-ars-81">[80]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div>

<a href="Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand's copyright law</a> allows the circumvention of technological protection measure (TPM) as long as the use is for legal, non-copyright-infringing purposes.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> This law was added to the <a href="Copyright_Act_1994" title="Copyright Act 1994">Copyright Act 1994</a> as part of the <a href="Copyright_(New_Technologies)_Amendment_Act_2008" title="Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008">Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3></div>

Rooting might be legal in Singapore if done to provide interoperability and not circumvent copyright, but that has not been tested in court.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

The <a href="Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> guarantees that consumers can unlock or let others unlock their phones. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) rooting was illegal in the United States except by exemption. The <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> granted an exemption to this law "at least through 2015".<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>

In 2010, in response to a request by the <a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, the U.S. Copyright Office explicitly recognized an exemption to the DMCA to permit rooting.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In their ruling, the Library of Congress affirmed on July 26, 2010, that rooting is exempt from DMCA rules with respect to circumventing digital locks. DMCA exemptions must be reviewed and renewed every three years or else they expire.

On October 28, 2012, the US Copyright Office updated their exemption policies. The rooting of smartphones continues to be legal "where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of [lawfully obtained software] applications with computer programs on the telephone handset". However, the U.S. Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, arguing that the term "tablets" is broad and ill-defined, and an exemption to this class of devices could have unintended side effects.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Copyright_Office_2013_Ruling-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars-jailbreaking-2012-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Android_Police-91">[90]</a> The Copyright Office also renewed the 2010 exemption for unofficially unlocking phones to use them on unapproved carriers, but restricted this exemption to phones purchased before January 26, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-ars-jailbreaking-2012-90">[89]</a>

<a href="Tim_Wu" title="Tim Wu">Tim Wu</a>, a professor at <a href="Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, argued in 2007 that jailbreaking is "legal, ethical, and just plain fun".<a href="#cite_note-slate-wu-92">[91]</a> Wu cited an explicit exemption issued by the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 2006 for personal unlocking, which notes that locks "are used by wireless carriers to limit the ability of subscribers to switch to other carriers, a business decision that has nothing whatsoever to do with the interests protected by copyright" and thus do not implicate the DMCA.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Wu did not claim that this exemption applies to those who help others unlock a device or "traffic" in software to do so.<a href="#cite_note-slate-wu-92">[91]</a> In 2010 and 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office approved exemptions to the DMCA that allow users to root their devices legally.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> It is still possible to employ technical countermeasures to prevent rooting or prevent rooted phones from functioning.<a href="#cite_note-otm-95">[94]</a> It is also unclear whether it is legal to traffic in the tools used to make rooting easy.<a href="#cite_note-otm-95">[94]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Android_Dev_Phone" title="Android Dev Phone">Android Dev Phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">List of custom Android distributions</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <code>/sys/class/power_supply/battery/siop_level</code> is a shorthand <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic link</a> to that system file.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Android966" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">Comparison of products</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Development tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li>

<li><a href="Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Software development kit</a> (SDK)

<ul><li><a href="Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">Android App Bundle</a></li>

<li><a href="Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">Android application package</a> (APK)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></li>

<li><a href="Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Google Cloud Messaging</a> (GCM)</li>

<li><a href="Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a> (FCM)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Google Mobile Services</a> (GMS)</li>

<li><a href="Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Native development kit</a> (NDK)</li>

<li><a href="Android_software_development#Android_Open_Accessory_Development_Kit" title="Android software development">Open accessory development kit</a> (OADK)</li>

<li><a href="RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></li>

<li><a href="AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li>

<li><a href="Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Font" title="Font">Fonts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Droid_(typeface)" title="Droid (typeface)">Droid</a></li>

<li><a href="Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Google Developers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenBinder" title="OpenBinder">OpenBinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li>

<li><a href="Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environments</a> (IDE)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eclipse_(software)#Android_Development_Tools" title="Eclipse (software)">Android Development Tools</a> (ADT)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">MIT App Inventor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Languages</a>, <a href="Database" title="Database">databases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>

<li><a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> and <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, <a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Developer Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Developer Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(operating_system)#Development" title="Android (operating system)">Android Open Source Project</a> (AOSP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Releases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake (1.5)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut (1.6)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair (2.0–2.1)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo (2.2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread (2.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb (3.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean (4.1–4.3)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat (4.4)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop (5.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow (6.x)</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat (7.x)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel & Pixel XL</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Tablet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a></li>

<li>7

<li><a href="Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Player</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Samsung_Galaxy_S4" title="Samsung Galaxy S4">Samsung Galaxy S4</a></li>

<li><a href="Sony_Xperia_Z_Ultra" title="Sony Xperia Z Ultra">Sony Xperia Z Ultra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">other smartphones</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AliOS" title="AliOS">AliOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remix_OS" title="Remix OS">Remix OS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baidu_Yi" title="Baidu Yi">Baidu Yi</a></li>

<li><a href="Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li>

<li><a href="CalyxOS" title="CalyxOS">CalyxOS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Realme" title="Realme">realme UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CopperheadOS" title="CopperheadOS">CopperheadOS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Magic UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="GrapheneOS" title="GrapheneOS">GrapheneOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiaomi_HyperOS" title="Xiaomi HyperOS">Xiaomi HyperOS</a>

<li><a href="LineageOS" title="LineageOS">LineageOS</a>

<li><a href="CrDroid" title="CrDroid">CrDroid</a></li>

<li><a href="CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a></li>

<li><a href="DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Iod%C3%A9OS" title="IodéOS">iodéOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Kali_NetHunter" title="Kali NetHunter">Kali NetHunter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Horizon_OS" title="Meta Horizon OS">Meta Horizon OS</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroG" title="MicroG">MicroG</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_X_family#Nokia_X_software_platform" title="Nokia X family">Nokia X software platform</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniROM" title="OmniROM">OmniROM</a></li>

<li><a href="OPhone" title="OPhone">OPhone</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="PixelExperience" title="PixelExperience">PixelExperience</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li><a href="Replicant_(operating_system)" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurrection_Remix_OS" title="Resurrection Remix OS">Resurrection Remix OS</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimRoms" title="SlimRoms">SlimRoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubuntu_Touch#Ubuntu_for_Android" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu for Android</a></li>

<li><a href="XobotOS" class="mw-redirect" title="XobotOS">XobotOS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting and recovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a>

<li><a href="ClockworkMod" title="ClockworkMod">ClockworkMod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Google Play Services</a>

<ul><li><a href="SafetyNet" class="mw-redirect" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">UIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asus_ZenFone" title="Asus ZenFone">Asus ZenFone</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherry_OS_(operating_system)" title="Cherry OS (operating system)">Cherry OS</a></li>

<li><a href="ColorOS" title="ColorOS">ColorOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Funtouch_OS" title="Funtouch OS">Funtouch OS</a></li>

<li><a href="Meizu#Flyme" title="Meizu">Flyme OS</a></li>

<li><a href="HTC_Sense" title="HTC Sense">HTC Sense</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Optimus_UI" title="Optimus UI">Optimus UI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Motoblur" title="Motoblur">Motoblur</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Samsung_Experience" title="Samsung Experience">Experience</a></li>

<li><a href="TouchWiz" title="TouchWiz">TouchWiz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Origin_OS" title="Origin OS">Origin OS</a></li>

<li><a href="OxygenOS" title="OxygenOS">OxygenOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Pixel#Pixel_UI_(Pixel_Launcher)" title="Google Pixel">Pixel UI</a></li>

<li>Xperia UI</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SuperSU" title="SuperSU">SuperSU</a></li>

<li><a href="Magisk_(software)" title="Magisk (software)">Magisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingo_Root" title="Kingo Root">Kingo Root</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_Assisted_Superuser" title="Kernel Assisted Superuser">Kernel Assisted Superuser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Free and open-source applications</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Google apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Android_launchers" title="List of Android launchers">Launchers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Index_of_Android_OS_articles" title="Index of Android OS articles">Index of articles</a></li>

<li><a href="Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Java_and_Android_API" title="Comparison of Java and Android API">Java vs. Android API</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Lawn statues</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueStacks" title="BlueStacks">BlueStacks</a></li>

<li>Legal issues

<ul><li><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">Android Runtime for Chrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category:Android development</li>

<li> Category:Mobile telecommunications</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASoftware" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones689" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mobile_phones689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile networks</a>, protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a>

<li><a href="Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Analogue:</li>

<li>Digital:</li>

<ul><li><a href="3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a>

<ul><li><a href="Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Manufacturers</li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li>

<li><a href="Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a>

<li><a href="BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li>

<li><a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>

<ul><li><a href="IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile specific <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li>

<li>Search

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a>

<ul><li><a href="Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li>

<li><a href="Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ATelephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Rooting_(Android)&oldid=1304632985">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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